3/23/2023 0 Comments Decelerate in a sentence![]() Specific deterrence, on the other hand, focuses on the deterrent effect on the individual who experiences a sanction. General deterrence can be defined as the crime preventive effect in the general public from the threat of a criminal sanction. Theories of punishment in general, and of imprisonment in particular, can be separated into two very different categories, from which two opposing hypotheses can be generated: one maintains that prison has crime deterrent effects, while the other predicts that prison has criminogenic effects.ĭeterrence theory focuses on two main types of deterrence: general and specific deterrence, with incarceration playing a crucial role in relation to both (Nagin, 1978). The analyses are based on large-scale administrative data containing all convictions for the Swedish cohorts born in 1958 and later. The reforms in question are the 1983, 1993, and 1999 parole reforms, which all either decreased or increased the amount of time an inmate was required to serve in prison prior to release on parole. We utilize three Swedish legislation reforms that may be treated as natural experiments. ![]() In this article, we analyze how the length of imprisonment affects recidivism for individuals who are incarcerated for the first time. A considerable amount of the research on the effects of incarceration times has been conducted in a US context, where sentencing lengths are at the higher end of the spectrum, which has subsequently led scholars to stress the importance of research based on European data (Durlauf & Nagin, 2011). Research that explicitly addresses the effects of the length of incarceration is more limited, and those studies that do exist show inconsistent findings, making it difficult to draw any overall conclusions (Berger & Scheidegger, 2021 Nagin et al., 2009). This increasing trust among policymakers in the ability of incarceration and longer prison sentences to reduce crime has refocused the spotlight on the longstanding theoretical discussion on the criminogenic versus deterrent effects of prison.Īlthough the literature on the consequences of imprisonment is extensive, most research on the effects of incarceration on recidivism has analyzed the dichotomy of incarceration versus non-custodial sanctions (for systematic reviews on the effects of incarceration, see, e.g., Villettaz et al., 2015 Petrich et al. Consequently, the Swedish Prison and Probation Service predict a 40% expansion in prison capacity by 2030 (Kriminalvården, 2021b). ![]() The themes that are currently prominent on the political agenda in Sweden indicate that a Swedish version of the “punitive turn” has emerged, which also has been expressed in multiple Swedish Government Official Reports (SOU), with examples including proposals for longer sentences for serious offenses and recidivism (SOU, 2021a SOU, 2021b), harsher penalties for young adults (SOU, 2018), and the abolition or severe restriction of early release from prison (SOU, 2017). ![]() Sweden has long been perceived as being moderate in terms of penal attitudes, but over recent decades “tough on crime” policies have challenged this “Scandinavian exceptionalism” (Pratt, 2008 von Hofer & Tham, 2013). ![]()
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